MRS. JONATHAN GIVE US FEMALE PILOTS NOT AGBEROS

After a very agonizing multifaceted intellectual session with senior members of our Non-Governmental Group- Human Rights Writers' Association of Nigeria on some of our forthcoming events, I walked into my office in the morning of Thursday May 3rd 2012 with the determination to run through some new books we have just purchased but decided to carry out my daily morning rituals of reading through copies of some of the national newspapers beginning with The Guardian. Flipping through the paper I was confronted by a full page black and white advertisement piece from the National Directorate of Employment, a department under the Federal Ministry of Labour and productivity. What actually attracted my attention was the bold photographs of the minister of Labour Mr. Emeka Wogu and that of the wife of President Good Luck Jonathan, Mrs. Patience Jonathan.

Specifically, the advertisement piece was an invitation to the inauguration of what was called the lady chauffeur training scheme [LCTS] even as the notice disclosed that it was a joint initiative of the Government funded National Directorate of Employment and the privately run but lavishly funded Non- Governmental organization promoted by the wife of the President- Women for Change Development Initiative. According to the authors of this public notice which incidentally appeared simultaneously in over four other national dailies, the scheme is aimed at producing 200 ladies into gainful employment as commercial drivers under what it calls the pilot phase in the Federal Capital Territory. Further buttressing the underlying objectives of the scheme, the authors stated that the scheme when operational after the inaugural ceremony billed for May 4th 2012 [though the advert in Guardian carried on Thursday May 3rd 2012 said the event is billed to take place on April 4th 2012] will among others create and empower a pool of female drivers that will meet the needs of labour market in Abuja and the immediate environment; create wealth and job satisfaction as a result of choosing driving as a trade and impart the spirit of professionalism and commitment in driving as a profession.

The first thing that came to my mind after deep reflection over the public notice was why some influential persons holding public offices and a prominent woman in the person of the wife of the first Nigerian President with an academic doctorate degree would want to give Nigeria hundreds of lady commercial drivers [or agberos as they are known in popular pallance because of their nuisance value to decent passengers] rather than design a more scientific approach towards producing better equipped, twenty first century compliant female technicians to work in the railway industry that has gone moribund as one way of resuscitating and rejuvenating that service sector and also train female pilots who would be gainfully employed both in Nigeria and outside of our shores with better and further enhanced renumeration and international prestige.

 Even as I write, I am completely shocked that Government officials always engage in churning out half baked policies that are not scientifically tested and are not meant to last for a long period of time. Government officials in the Executive and legislative arms are happy to embark on the free distribution of tricycles and motorcycles to their constituents and other less fortunate citizens to turn them into commercial bike riders rather than commit the resources into providing better technology-driven training of the thousands of unemployed young Nigerians to be gainfully employed in ventures that can contribute tremendously to the actual growth and advancement of the nation's economy and bring about real job satisfaction for the participants and reduce the high crime rate in the society. Why are Nigerian politicians buying motorcycles for the young Nigerian graduates to use as commercial bikers even when it is known that because of paucity of turn over fund most of these commercial bike riders have converted these bikes as weapons and tools of perpetrating the sophisticated crimes of kidnapping for ransoms, bag snatching, gun running and targeted assassinations? 

         

At best, the Federal Government’s newly inaugurated lady Chauffeur training scheme (LCTS)  is worthy of being dismissed as substantially lacking in creativity, innovation and sustainability. Rather than spend the scarce public fund in this good -for- nothing venture, it is therefore canvassed that the Federal Government should consider the introduction of specialized technology skills’ acquisition scheme specifically targeted at training younger Nigerian ladies to become middle level technicians in the petroleum and Environmental sectors and other technology related skills that will make them job creators rather than job seekers.   Like most other schemes introduced by some Government institutions and political office holders that never last, the new ladies’ drivers’ training scheme is absolutely bereft of creativity, innovation and therefore is not a sustainable Job creation effort in the twenty first century.  Come to think of it, is the pressing service need of most Nigerians that of commercial drivers? Assuming without conceding that Nigeria is in short supply of commecial drivers making it imperative that female citizens be encouraged to embrace commercial driving as a profession, what is the quantum of contribution to the overall national wealth and economy will the commercial drivers make towards bringing our country back from the brinks and precipice of economic collapse which it has reached because of the monumental corruption, bribery, inefficiency of past and current political office holders and the civil servants? Another question to be asked is how many unemployed persons would be taken out of the streets if commercial driving is now the way out when in actual fact making someone a commercial driver will rather than take the person out of the streets will deepen the involvement of such persons in the vices associated wth motorpark touts? This is not to say that all commercial drivers are touts and the objective of this piece is not to belittle the commercial drivers. But I ask, how many of the female children of these political office holders would be encouraged to participate in the lady chauffeur training scheme being spearheaded by the wife of the President? To assume leadership position comes with a big demand and those who aspire to become leaders must have real vision on how to transform their societies and must not engage in activities that would not bear good fruits that would last. I am of the strong belief that in these days and age, what my government should be thinking of is not to dwell in the past primitive practice but should introduce modern, technology-inclined job creation schemes for Nigerian women rather than waste scarce public fund to produce mere artisans and commercial drivers which are not the pressing needs of most Nigerian consumers. Is Government unaware that the local content law which prescribes mainstreaming of indigenous technicians and middle level experts in the foreign dominated Nigeria’s crude oil industry is observed in the breach by the multi-national crude oil companies operating in Nigeria because of claims by them that local experts are in short supply? Why can we not for once be forward looking as a nation by training a pool of twenty first century compliant technicians from among our thousands of unemployed female graduates to be deployed to work in the Railway sector whenever the huge resources committed into rebuilding the moribund venture by Government begin to bear fruits that would last?     I sincerely think that every right thinking and forward looking Nigerian should be very  worried that at a time that India has successfully launched a long range surface to air nuclear missile anchored by an Indian young lady Miss. Tessy Thomas, and in an era that developing countries like South Africa, Botswana, Bangladesh among others, are investing heavily in the training of their women in the technology and Aviation Industries, Nigeria is still behaving as if we are in the eighteenth century by training female commercial drivers as if that is the most pressing service need of Nigeria and Nigerians. This downward thinking of officials of government is a clear manifestation of the dearth of quality vision among those who are privileged to assume political offices or be married to powerful persons in Government. If anything, what is expected of political leadership with vision is the formulation and implementation of projects and schemes to create sustainable employment opportunities because unemployment among younger citizens is the root of the unprecedented crime rate in the country which demands a lot more from Government to address it pragmatically rather than engage in the bonanza of sharing tricycles and second hand automobiles to just a few selected female citizens in the name of the so-called lady chauffeur training scheme. If truth be told, Nigerian Government and other leading stakeholders in the private sector should concentrate energy and resources towards training young Nigerian ladies to become competent pilots, and scientists who can build the much needed security architecture that Nigeria needs to check the unprecedented rise in terror-related violence. Government should not behave as  if we live in stone age by mass producing commercial drivers whose services are not needed. To even hear the wife of the President say that Nigerians will soon begin to experience the joy of being driven by lady commercial drivers shows that those who hurriedly packaged the scheme for this gentle lady did not reflect deeply so as to evolve a better job creation scheme for the Nigerian women. The lady chauffeur training scheme is pedestrian and cheap thinking at best and must be discarded. Although I was happy when recently Miss. Blessing Liman was celebrated as the first female fighter pilot but at the same time I felt ashamed that Nigeria with all the big name that we gave to ourselves as the giant of Africa has only just produced the first female fighter pilot nearly fifty two years after gaining independence and even with the unfortunate but historic fact that Nigeria has had three years of civil war and yet Nigeria has only in 2012 produced our first female fighter pilot. I expected that the Nigerian women political leaders including the wife of the President should have brainstormed among themselves on how to consolidate this little gain to ensure that a lot more female citizens become fighter pilots, civilian pilots and middle level technicians, engineers and sundry experts to revamp our dwindling local economy. Bill Newman in his book "10 laws of Leadership" pointed out vividly that; "Vision is the key to understanding leadership. Without vision you are just playing games with your life. Men and Women with vision see more and further than others. Leaders have empires in their brains". Mr. Newman built his theory from what Winston Churchill wrote that; "The empires of the future are the empires of the mind". Only by the development of human capacity of younger Nigerians to acquire the right kinds of skills in high demands around the World will Nigeria become a better society. +Emmanuel Onwubiko, head, Human Rights Writers' Association of Nigeria writes from www.huriwa.blogspot.com.

10/5/2012

HURIWA CONDEMNS F.G.’s LADY CHAUFFEUR TRAINING SCHEME

A development focused civil society group-HUMAN RIGHTS WRITERS’ ASSOCIATION OF NIGERIA (HURIWA) has carpeted the Federal Government’s newly inaugurated lady Chauffeur training scheme (LCTS) for lacking in creativity, innovation and sustainability.

The Rights group therefore canvassed the introduction of specialized technology skills’ acquisition scheme specifically targeted at training younger Nigerian ladies to become middle level technicians in the petroleum and Environmental sectors and other technology related skills that will make them job creators rather than job seekers.

The Federal Government had on Friday May 4^th 2012 inaugurated what it called the lady chauffeur training scheme (LCTS) aimed at creating 200 driving jobs for Nigerian ladies. The Lady Chauffeur Training Scheme (LCTS) is said to be a joint effort of the Federal Ministry of Labour and the non-governmental organization headed by the wife of the President; Mrs. Patience Jonathan.

In a statement to the media, the HUMAN RIGHTS WRITERS ASSOCIATION OF NIGERIA (HURIWA) through its National Coordinator Comrade Emmanuel Onwubiko and the National Director of media; Miss Zainab Yusuf said the new ladies’ drivers’ training scheme was bereft of creativity, innovation and therefore is not a sustainable Job creation effort in the twenty first century.

HURIWA tasked the Federal Government to introduce better, modern, technology-inclined job creation schemes for Nigerian women rather than waste scarce public fund to produce mere artisans and commercial drivers which are not the pressing needs of most Nigerian consumers. The Rights group reminded Government that the local content law which prescribes mainstreaming of indigenous technicians and middle level experts in the foreign dominated Nigeria’s crude oil industry is breached by the multi-national crude oil companies operating in Nigeria because of claims by them that local experts are in short supply.    

The Rights group stated thus; “We are worried that at a time that India has successfully launched a long range surface to air nuclear missile anchored by an Indian young lady Miss. Tessy Thomas, and at an era that developing countries like South Africa, Botswana, Bangladesh among others, are investing heavily in the training of their women in the technology and Aviation Industries, Nigeria is still behaving as if we are in the eighteenth century by training female commercial drivers as if that is the most pressing service need of Nigeria and Nigerians”.

HURIWA also carpeted the Federal ministry of Labour for failing to introduce scientific data base on the population of jobless young graduates several years after such proposal was publicized. The group blamed unemployment among younger citizens for the unprecedented crime rate in the country and urge Government to address it pragmatically.

“Nigerian Government and other leading stakeholders in the private sector should concentrate energy and resources towards training young Nigerian ladies to become competent pilots, and scientists who can build the much needed security architecture that Nigeria needs to check the unprecedented rise in terror-related violence. Government should not behave as  if we live in stone age by mass producing commercial drivers whose services are not needed”, HURIWA concluded.

9/5/2012

IS NIGERIA OVER RUN BY GHOSTS? By Emmanuel Onwubiko

On the eve of this year's workers' Day I was in a popular five star hotel in the Nigeria's political capital city attending a social function alongside some friends that visited me from Lagos, Kaduna and Bayelsa States when suddenly a call came through from a mutual friend Miss. Victoria Osareme Oladapo, a final year Political Science Undergraduate of one of the public Universities, that there is a bomb scare somewhere around some of the most popular and frequently visited multipurpose commercial complexes in the Wuse two area of the Federal Capital Territory.

These commercial business premises owned by some private developers are located few minutes drive from the ThisDay Newspaper Abuja office which was only recently bombed by suspected suicide bombers from the armed Islamic fundamentalist group which has operational headquarters in Maiduguri, the Borno State capital in the North East Nigeria.

Immediately this shocking news reached us, the journalism instincts in me drove me to make several calls to some knowledgeable sources who also confirmed that there were indeed credible threats of bomb attack at the commercial multipurpose buildings as narrated by my mutual friend.

The story forced every one of us to cut short our social meeting which should ordinarily had lingered till the wee hours of the night. We were forced to disperse to different safe locations to await further information on whether actually those who made the threats have successfully made good their words. But not without a major drama that played itself out. As we made to rise from the meeting because of the nature of the information that reached us, one of us informed us that the Minister of Information of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Mr. Labaran Maku has made it inevitable that every right thinking Nigerian should act promptly to every alert of possible security threat from the armed Islamic insurgents because of a number of spectacular gaffes that he the minister of Information committed in recent times which probably endangered the lives of a lot of Nigerians.

Further buttressing his claim that the Nigeria's Minister of Information has become one of the most notorious marketers of doubtful information and raw barefaced propaganda, my friend reminded us that it was the Minister of Information that incongruously dismissed the well thought out security alert issued by the United States Embassy in Abuja warning American travelers to the Nigerian capital to be security conscious because of credible threats of bomb attacks allegedly by the armed Islamic fundamentalist which may target specific public institutions or hotels. The American diplomatic mission in Nigeria had issued this information just a few days before the media offices in Abuja and Kaduna were actually bombed by the Islamic religious insurgents. But on the day the security alert was issued by the American Diplomats in Abuja, the Nigerian minister of Information had sought to debunk it by warning the Embassy of the United States in Nigeria to desist from raising unfounded security alert and creating undue panic among Nigerians and other international visitors to Nigeria. But the Nigeria's information minister goofed because exactly after he [Labaran Maku] exhibited this scandalous show of shame, the armed Islamic extremist waging a relentless insurgency against the Nigerian state actually struck the ThisDay office. For this reason our friend said the best thing we should do is to disperse and find safe havens to hide pending the disappearance of these threats.

Amid the panic that greeted this security alert I dashed into my car and drove straight home only to discover to my amazement that most of my neighbors had travelled out of the Federal Capital Territory for fear of the unknown particularly when these two commercial complexes were also a stone throw from our house. I was still in contemplation on whether to relocate to a fortified fortress of a three star hotel in another part of the Federal Capital City then came  the sound of a knock in my door that woke me from my subconciousness and the visitor turned out to be the same mutual friend that in the first place informed me about information making round in the eve of May 1st 2012 that the members of the armed Islamic insurgents had issued a bomb threat targeted at those two business premises mostly frequented by buyers in Abuja.

She had hardly sat down when she requested passionately that is change the television station from the news channel that I was viewing before she visited to a popular movie channel and the first in the series of films shown that evening was aptly titled 'Ghost'.

A little research showed that this particular movie which was originally released on July 13th 1990 had won two Academy awards, the United States equivalent of the Nobel Prize for films. The story line of 'Ghost' was reportedly written by Sami Al-Taher and it was indeed a story of two persons that I chose to call 'love Birds'- namely Mr. Sam and his girl friend Miss. Molly. Sam and Molly were very happy couple and deeply in love. Walking back to their new apartment after a night out at the theatre, they encountered a thief in the dark alley, and Sam is subsequently killed. He [Sam] finds himself trapped as a ghost and realizes that his death was no accident. He must warn Miss. Molly about the danger she is in. But as a ghost he cannot be seen or heard by the living, and so he tries to communicate with Molly through Oda Mae Brown, a Psychic who didn't even realize that her powers were real.

Deep in contemplation on the import of this beautiful but incomprehensible film when Miss. Victoria Osayeme Oladapo, the 21-year old undergraduate sought to know from me whether Nigeria our dear country has been overrun by some 'ghosts' that are unleashing unrelenting vicious cycle of bloody violence all across Nigeria hiding under the guise of some strange religious ideology.

But before she could finish, my mind went straight to a recent public statement carried in the media credited to the Chief of Army Staff in Nigeria-General Azubuike Ihejirika that the armed Islamic religious insurgents have perfected the art and craft of fighting like 'ghosts' because they know us and we do not know them and that they strike us and disappear. General Ihejirika then proceeded to warn his soldiers to be constantly in 'war mood' as they try to combat these armed religious extremists blamed for the gruesome killings of dozens of innocent Nigerians.

The Nigeria's Chief of Army Staff had stated thus; "It is high time for you and your men to be in war mood to be able to deal with the challenges".

 My mutual friend asked again whether Nigeria is over run by ghosts because according to her, she read in a newspaper that the Acting Inspector General of Police Mr. Mohammed Abubakar said his operatives have not yet defeated the terrorists because the members of the public fail to offer meaningful information to the police for fear of reprisal. She also reminded me of the phenomenon of ghost workers that have infiltrated the Federal and State civil service in Nigeria and the cases of ghost pensioners and recently the discovery in Plateau state of the existence of a 'ghost commissioner' who has consistently drawn salaries and huge allowances meant for that office for several months before the recent discovery.

Do you remember the last time that President Jonathan addressed we the troubled and distressed members of the public worried about the unprecedented violence across the North?, she asked.

 This question was thrown at me by my mutual friend as a follow up to her first inquiry on whether ghosts have invaded Nigeria. I quickly feigned ignorance of which of the speeches of the President of Nigeria she referred to because President Jonathan has made several of those empty rhetoric regarding the so-called determination of the current Federal Government to bring the violence to a quick end and each time he made the speech, the armed terrorists will launch more deadly and devastating attacks.

The last time our President spoke, she stated, he assured us that by June 2012 that the violence will come to an end but as things stand now those responsible for these attacks have upped the ante of their bloody attacks and the operatives of the security community paid with tax payers' fund still behave as if we live in a country over -run by ghosts.

The drift of our debate with my mutual friend forced me to look into the Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia whereby I learnt that in traditional belief and fiction, a ghost is the soul or spirit of a deceased person or animal that can appear, visible form or other manifestation, to the living. In many traditional accounts, ghosts were often thought to be deceased people looking for vengeance, or imprisoned on earth for bad things they did during life. The appearance of a ghost has often been regarded as an omen or portent of death. 

Now to the aforementioned question concerning the ghosts and the possibility that they may have over- run Nigeria, my rumination of it led me to two trends of thought namely whether we as contemporary Nigerians are now facing the consequences of the actions and inactions of our deceased political leaders who contributed in no small way to the mess that Nigeria has become or whether we have truly been overrun by the ghosts of all those citizens of this country that died because of the collapsed of basic infrastructures of road and hospitals or more appropriately, the twin evils of bad roads and poor health infrastructure which are the largest causes of premature deaths suffered by hundreds of thousands of Nigerians.

The collapse of these infrastructures of roads and hospitals was caused by massive corruption on the part of political office holders both in the past and in the present day the extent of the heist has assumed frightening dimension.

The more research I conduct to know if Nigeria has become a failed state, the more I am confronted by the question of whether Nigeria has been over -run by ghosts.

Reading through a well researched legal essay by Ngozi Udombana[Mrs.], a Senior Research Fellow at the prestigious Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies titled; 'Constitutional Constraints to the realization of the right to the dignity of the human person', I came across the scholarly essay on Nigeria credited to an intellectual named  Sen. Y., in a symposium paper delivered at Carleton University Ottawa, Canada titled 'Challenges and Prospects of Nigeria's development  at 50' in which an expression of shock over Nigeria's stunted growth was made.

The writer stated thus; "Nigeria is enormously endowed. It is a country with almost one million square kilometers of land, more than 60 percent of which is cultivatable for a variety of soil and vegetation determined crops as well as livestock production. It is the eight highest producer of oil and contains the sixth deposits of gas Worldwide. Its estimated 150 million people, comprised of about 400 ethnic groups, rank it as the largest market in Africa".

Ngozi Udombana then added thus; "It is, therefore, irksome that with such enormous endowment and potential for greatness, Nigeria is still a groping 'giant of Africa'.

I think Nigeria is showing the symptoms of a failed state that has been infested by the ghosts of corruption, indiscipline, anarchy and bloody crimes but one thing is sure that the moment Nigeria gets a disciplined leadership these ghosts will automatically be exorcised. 

Scott Peck in the work titled 'The Road less Travelled' stated realistically that; "Discipline is the basic set of tools we require to solve life's problems. Without discipline we can solve nothing. With only some discipline we can solve only some problems. With total discipline we can solve all problems".

I think this principle indeed was the then President George W. Bush's guiding light when on September 11th 2001, the United States of America came under attacks by the international terrorism gangs based then in far away Afghanistan, and the then President Bush launched a totally committed war against terror which was built upon by his successor President Barrack Obama that has relatively made the American nation one of the safest places on Earth.

In his book titled "Decision Points" the former United States President, Mr. George W. Bush of the Republican Party, wrote down what compelled his government to take a totally disciplined approach to wage war against terror. His words;"...I caught enough fleeting glimpses of the coverage to understand the horror of what the American people were watching. Stranded people were jumping to their deaths from the top floors of the World Trade Center towers. Others hung out of windows, hoping to be rescued. I felt their agony and despair. I had the most powerful job in the World, yet I felt powerless to help them".

 For the compelling reason that as the then United States President, he is obliged to show disciplined leadership and not sit back and watch his country attack again and again by these blood sucking terror gangs, the then President Bush implemented far-reaching security measures and counter terrorism strategies that have helped to make the United States of America peaceful. President Obama followed the totally disciplined anti-terror campaign institutionalized by his predecessor in office George Bush which enabled his Democratic Party-led administration to locate and kill Osama BinLaden, the leader of the terror group that attacked the United States on September 11th 2001.

 In Nigeria however while the ordinary people are gunned down and bombed out of existence by armed terrorists, government officials at the state levels are busy erecting formidable fences around the Governors' offices for the purposes of protecting only the immediate family members of these politicians even when millions of other unarmed civilians are left to die. At the national level both the political and military leaders continuously inundate Nigerians with half baked rhetoric that paints these terrorists as ghosts who elude capture because the ordinary people fail to volunteer information to the security personnel. What a shame?

Nigerian political and military leaders must work to exorcise this and many other ghosts such as the ghosts of corruption, indiscipline, greed, avarice and impunity that have taken centre stage in the affairs of Nigeria or we may face the ever more terrible consequences associated with an irretrievably failed state. God forbid!

+   Emmanuel Onwubiko, head, Human Rights Writers' Association of Nigeria, writes from        www.huriwa.blogspot.com.

4/5/2012

HURIWA WANTS ATTEMPT ON OSHIOMHOLE’S LIFE PROBED BY F.G.

A democracy inclined non-governmental organization – HUMAN RIGHTS WRITERS’ ASSOCIATION OF NIGERIA (HURIWA) has called on President Goodluck Jonathan to set up a probe panel comprising non-partisan crime experts to investigate the recent alleged attempted assassination of the Action Congress of Nigeria’s Governor of Edo State Comrade Adams Oshiomhole.

The Rights group has also expressed shock at the multiple accidents in Edo state at the weekend which led to the killing of three Journalists attached to the Edo State Government House. It however demanded the immortalization of these journalists by the Edo state Government and the payment of compensation to the families of the dead media workers.

In a statement by the National Coordinator Comrade Emmanuel Onwubiko and the National media officer Miss. Zainab  Yusuf, the Rights group expressed shock and disappointment at the dangerous trend that politics has become in some states that will soon hold governorship elections just as it challenged the hierarchy of the nation’s security community to closely monitor activities of armed security operatives working in the volatile states such as Edo, Ondo and Osun to prevent break down of law and order.

HURIWA stated thus; “We use this medium to call on President Goodluck Jonathan to appoint an independent probe panel made up of statesmen and women with absolutely non-partisan interest to investigate the claim that the auto accident that affected the convoy of the Edo state Governor Comrade Adams Oshiomhole was an attempt to assassinate the Edo state chief Executive”.

The Rights group counseled the Federal government not to treat with kid gloves the allegation of attempted assassination on the life of the Edo state governor because of the damaging implication to the nation’s international image. HURIWA tasked the Federal government to embark on the important assignment of uncovering the veracity or otherwise of the allegation of attempt on the life of the governor of Edo state because of the gruesome killing in that multiple accident of three Journalists who were simply carrying out their legitimate non-partisan and professional duty. The group stated that the Federal Government is obliged to ensure that multiparty democracy is promoted in Nigeria and should therefore implement comprehensive measures to protect persons who belong to minority political persuasions.

“The dangerous dimension that politics has become in some states of the Federation whereby governorship polls will be conducted soon is very worrisome and must be brought under control”.

“We hereby appeal to all political office seekers to view their ambition to become Governor as a voluntary offer of selfless service to the people of their respective states and therefore must conduct their political campaign peacefully without resorting to the use of hired thugs to physically assault their political opponents. We expect that the nation’s security agencies should be on top of the situation and stop persons with violent inclination from disturbing public peace. The Independent National Electoral Commission is constitutionally obliged to expose all political office seekers that constitute threats to the stability and tranquility of the component parts of the Country and prosecute them to serve as effective deterrent”, HURIWA asserted.         

30/4/2012